| 一、 教學目標
CLT的目標是以培養學生能運用語言來表情達意,完成評論、溝通等任務為主。
二、 課程安排
CLT的課程內容是以能達成溝通功能之任務為主,例如:旅遊、商務、描述物景、表達意見、說明時間
/ 頻率 / 長短等。
三、教學活動與學習型態
只要是能藉由語言溝通來完成某項任務工作的活動,都可能出現在CLT的教學中。這些活動另可區分為功能性
和 社會互動性 兩大類。功能性的活動包括看圖做比較、訊息互補(information gap)、自由選擇(free choice)、看圖重組、找出圖中遺漏的部分、合力完成一幅圖、按照指示做動作等:社會互動性的活動則例如會話、角色扮演、小組討論、即興表演、辯論、虛擬情境等。以下為CLT的活動範例(Finocchiaro
and Brumfit 1983:107-8):
1. Presentation: Presentation of a brief dialog
or several mini-dialogs, preceded by a motivation (relating the
dialog situations to the learners’ probable community experiences)
and the informality or formality of the language which the function
and situation demand. (At beginning levels, where all the learners
understand the same native language, the motivation can well be
given in their native tongue.)
2. Oral Practice: Oral practice of each utterance
of the dialog segment to be presented that day (entire class repetition,
half-class, groups, individuals) generally preceded by your model.
If mini-dialogs are used, engage in similar practice.
3. Q&A: Questions and answers based on the
dialog topics, and situation itself.
4. Personal Q&A: Questions and answers related
to the students’ personal experiences but centered around the dialog
theme.
5. Language Use: Study one of the basic communicative
expressions in the dialog or one of the structures which exemplify
the function. You will wish to give several additional examples
of the communicative use of the expression or structures with familiar
vocabulary in unambiguous utterances or mini-dialogs (using pictures,
simple real objects, or dramatization) to clarify the meaning of
the expression or structure…
6. Generalization of rules: Learner discovery
of generalizations or rules underlying the functional expression
or structure. This should include at least four points: its oral
and written forms (the elements of which it is composed, e.g. “How
about + a verb + ing?”);it’s position in the utterance; its formality
or informality in the utterance; and in the case of a structure,
its grammatical function and meaning.
7. Oral activities: Oral recognition, interpretative
activities (two to five depending on the learning level, the language
knowledge of the students, and related factors).
8. Production activities: Oral production activities—proceeding
from guided to freer communication activities.
9. Copying: Copying of the dialogs or mini-dialogs
or modules if they are not in the class text.
10. Sampling: Sampling of the written homework
assignment, if given.
11. Evaluation: Evaluation of learning (oral only),
e.g. “How would you ask your friend
to _______? And how would you ask me to _______?”
四、 教師與學生的角色
學生是自我、L2和整個學習過程的居間協調者,同時,也是和同學教師間互相幫忙的合作者。教師則必須扮演多重角色:學生語言需求(language
needs)的分析者、學習心理的諮商者,以及鼓勵學生參與、監控教室內各項語言活動的經理人。
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